The Cosmological Argument (also known as the Kalam cosmological argument), is a philosophical argument for the existence of God or a first cause that brought the entire universe into existence. On the contrary, for all he shows, there may have been trillions of personal agents involved in the creation.”. “–Defenders Podcast, “The Cosmological Argument (Part 1)” | Reasonable Faith,”. There are a handful of famous arguments for the existence of a god. Something cannot come into existence out of nothing. Craig replies that the phenomenon of indeterminism is specific to the Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics, pointing out that this is only one of a number of different interpretations, some of which he states are fully deterministic (mentioning David Bohm) and none of which are as yet known to be true. If A Theory is correct, all past moments would have to occur before the present, which would vindicate the first premise. In its simplest, bare bone form, the kalam cosmological argument goes like this: [i] All that begins to exist must have a cause for its existence. Therefore 2. Mackie affirms that there is no good reason to assume a priori that an uncaused beginning of all things is impossible. The Kalam cosmological argument is based on the concept of the prime-mover, introduced by Aristotle, and entered early Christian or Neoplatonist philosophy in Late Antiquity, being developed by John Philoponus. Imagine a series of infinite dominoes lined up. Craig justifies premise two using both physical arguments with evidence from cosmology and physics, and metaphysical arguments for the impossibility of actual infinities in reality. Another criticism comes from Thomist philosopher Dr. Edward Feser who claims that past and future events are potential rather than actual, meaning that an infinite past could exist in a similar way to how an infinite number of potential halfway points exist between any two given points (as was discussed in one of Zeno’s paradoxes). If time is tenseless, then the universe never really comes into being, and, therefore, the quest for a cause of its coming into being is misconceived.”. Craig has revived it as a tenable and viable argument for today’s time and culture, in its original use to argue for the existence of God. They are usually presented Researched and synthesized by Christian philosopher, William Lane Craig, the argument has its roots in early Christianity as a response to Greek philosophy which advocated an eternal universe. [iii] Therefore the universe must have a cause for its Scientists and Philosophers alike are engendered to ask the questions why and how. I would say no less special than a true beginning of the universe.”, At the “State of the Universe” conference at Cambridge University in January 2012, Vilenkin discussed problems with various theories that would claim to avoid the need for a cosmological beginning, alleging the untenability of eternal inflation, cyclic and cosmic egg models, eventually concluding: “All the evidence we have says that the universe had a beginning.”. "Kalam" is a school of thought that tries to defend Islam intellectually against criticisms. That is the purpose of the Kalam Cosmological argument, to explore the possibility of a supernatural first cause. A beginningless series of past events involves an actually infinite number of things. Craig notes: “Hume himself clearly believed in the causal principle. The universe began to exist. The Kalam Cosmological Argument (KCA) is a different approach, proposed by Muslim philosophers in the Middle Ages. Posted in CHRISTIAN THEOLOGY , CREATION SCIENCE , RATIONAL FAITH . Philosopher Quentin Smith has cited the example of virtual particles, which appear and disappear from observation, apparently at random, to assert the tenability of uncaused natural phenomena. supernatural. Aren't all religions basically the same? The Kalam Cosmological Argument (KCA) was popularized by William Lane Craig, one of the preeminent Christian philosophers today. But for information to exist in an immaterial way is what is classically defined as intellect (e.g. The claim of the first premise is “whatever begins to exist had a cause.” It’s often demonstrated by listing the causal principle “something cannot come from nothing,” or ex nihilo, nihilo fit. Craig has criticised Balashov for adopting a verificationist methodology that fails to address the metaphysical and theological foundations of the A-theory. According to Michael Martin, the cosmological arguments presented by Craig, Bruce Reichenbach, and Richard Swinburne are “among the most sophisticated and well argued in contemporary theological philosophy”. All Rights Reserved. Balashov claims: “Despite the fact that presentism has the firm backing of common sense and eternalism revolts against it, eternalism is widely regarded as almost the default view in contemporary debates, and presentism as a highly problematic view.”. Because of its historic roots in medieval Islamic theology, I christened the argument “the kalam cosmological argument” (“ kalam ” is the Arabic word for medieval theology). Copyright © 2021 Classical Christian Thinking with Jamie. A common objection to premise one appeals to the phenomenon of quantum indeterminacy, where, at the subatomic level, the causal principle appears to break down. It was popularized in the western world by William Lane Craig in his book, The Kalām Cosmological Argument (1979). Every effect requires a cause adequate to explain it. Likewise, Craig has argued that the quantum vacuum, in containing quantifiable, measurable energy, cannot be described as ‘nothing’, therefore, that phenomena originating from the quantum vacuum cannot be described as ‘uncaused’. Isn't it intolerant to say that Christianity is the A second type of cosmological argument, contending for a first orbeginning cause of the universe, has a venerable history, especiallyin the Islamic mutakalliman tradition. For this, he cites the example of a parent “creating” a child who eventually becomes greater than he or she. Good day, Mr Minton, I've happened to stumble upon your blog post on the Kalam Cosmological Argument, and I seem to have a few objections which I don't think you have ever addressed, whether in that blog post or in the blog category. It can be summarized in the following syllogism: That in a nutshell is the argument. A classic which has recently been re-polished and re-popularized, it has withstood the test of time in its field. It is named after the kalam (medieval Islamic scholasticism) from which its key ideas originated. [ii] The universe began to exist. If God made everything, who made God? In the subsequent Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology, published in 2009, Craig discusses the properties of the cause of the universe, explaining how they follow by entailment from the initial syllogism of the Kalam cosmological argument: Craig concludes that the cause of the existence of the universe is an “uncaused, personal Creator … who sans the universe is beginningless, changeless, immaterial, timeless, spaceless and enormously powerful”; remarking upon the theological implications of this union of properties. On a B-Theory of time, the universe does not in fact come into being or become actual at the Big Bang; it just exists tenselessly as a four-dimensional space-time block that is finitely extended in the earlier than direction. He and his wife met in high school and celebrated their 20th year of marriage in 2020. supernatural. This latter fact is well known, however, and shows nothing about whether it is logically impossible to have actual infinities in the real world.”. Kalam cosmological argument as a brief syllogism, most commonly rendered as follows: Given that the Kalam cosmological argument is a deductive argument, if both premises are true, the truth of the conclusion follows necessarily. Rather the energy locked up in a vacuum fluctuates spontaneously in such a way as to convert into evanescent particles that return almost immediately to the vacuum.”. He writes: “According to the hypothesis under consideration, it has been established that all the beings in the world have a cause. The cosmological argument shows that in fact it is quite reasonable to believe that God does exist. 3 For anybody who really contemplates it, it should be obvious that whatever begins to exist has a cause. the mental concept of a sphere). The phrase "first cause" is sometimes used as an alternative noun for God among individuals uncomfortable with the historical and religious meanings as… The metaphysical impossibility of an actually infinite series of past events by citing David Hilbert’s famous Hilbert’s Hotel thought experiment and Laurence Sterne’s story of Tristram Shandy. The latter would allow the universe to exist tenselessly as a four-dimensional space-time block, under which circumstances the universe would not “begin to exist”: “From start to finish, the kalam cosmological argument is predicated upon the A-Theory of time. Graham Oppy, J. L. Mackie and Wes Morriston have objected to the intuitiveness of the first premise. Since an actual infinite number of things can’t actually exist, then the universe can’t be infinite in the past and must have a beginning. Therefore, an uncaused, personal Creator of the universe exists, who sans the universe is beginningless, changeless, immaterial, timeless, spaceless and infinitely powerful. Therefore, it follows that the universe cannot be infinitely old and began to exist. But, imagine that we could prove He concludes that subatomic physics is not a proven exception to the first premise. What is the Kalam cosmological argument for the existence of God? The Kalam cosmological argument is a modern formulation of the cosmological argument for the existence of God. For those of you unaware of what exactly the Kalam Cosmological Argument is, here it is: Whatever begins to exist has a cause. It is at this point in space-time where all known physical laws break down.5, This point is called a singularity in mathematics, where formulas reach an undefined amount- in this case an infinite, and as we’ve already determined is irrational because an actual infinite set of things is an impossibility. PRIMARY SOURCE: Dr. Craig Videos; Kalam Cosmological Argument. 1): 1. Through-out history, man has looked at the star-filled night sky and wondered at the purpose behind its existence. In a critique of Craig’s book The Kalam Cosmological Argument, published in 1979, Michael Martin states: “It should be obvious that Craig’s conclusion that a single personal agent created the universe is a non sequitur. It consists of two premises and a conclusion. Being does not arise from non-being. Now, let the cause itself have a cause, and the cause of the cause have yet another cause, and so on ad infinitum. Basically, this is saying that things don’t come into being out of nothing. Craig defends the first premise as follows: According to Reichenbach, “the Causal Principle has been the subject of extended criticism”, which can be divided into philosophical and scientific criticisms. I think the Kalam cosmological argument for the existence of God is one of the strongest defences for Theism that I have read. An alternative way to argue against the past eternity of the universe is through the impossibility of traversing (counting/crossing/completing) infinity. It was popularized in the western world by William Lane Craig in his book, The Kalām Cosmological Argument (1979). Similarly, in light of both philosophical argument and scientific evidence, its second premiss, though more controversial It is the opposite... […] Quran was written in the 7th century CE. Philosopher of science David Albert has criticised the use of the term ‘nothing’ in describing the quantum vacuum. To finish the series at a certain point, and to elevate one member of the series to the dignity of an un-caused first cause, is to set at naught the very law of causation on which the whole argument proceeds.”, According to the atheist philosopher Quentin Smith, “a count of the articles in the philosophy journals shows that more articles have been published about Craig’s defense of the Kalam argument than have been published about any other philosopher’s contemporary formulation of an argument for God’s existence.”. Adapted from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. If the past were infinitely long, an infinite amount of time would have had to pass before today. Morriston asserts that causal laws are physical processes for which we have intuitive knowledge in the context of events within time and space, but that such intuitions do not hold true for the beginning of time itself. Despite Craig’s claim that theories postulating that the universe ‘could pop into existence uncaused’ are incapable of ‘sincere affirmation,’ such similar theories are in fact being taken seriously by scientists.”. I think that pretty much covers it. The universe’s existence is best explained as created by God, because the Kalam Cosmological Argument requires an essential and supernatural first cause. Almost there! Whether evaluating simple cells or the entire universe, the scientist’s role is to determine a cause to the observable evidence. The first premise seems to be self-evident, which any rational person would take as true without dissent. The Borde–Guth–Vilenkin theorem, a cosmological theorem which deduces that any universe that has, on average, been expanding throughout its history cannot be infinite in the past but must have a past space-time boundary. A fundamental role of science is to explore cause and effect relationships. As the creator of time, space … The universe (consisting of space & time) began to exist, thus Space & Time had a cause. Therefore, the universe has a cause of its existence. But if it extends infinitely, how could one start it at a beginning? I’ll outline two of the arguments used as backing for the second premise here and recommend you read Craig’s books to explore further. The Spiritual Life © 2020. Philosopher Yuri Balashov has criticised Craig’s attempt to reconcile the A-theory with special relativity by relying on a ‘neo‐Lorentzian interpretation’ of Special Relativity. In private correspondence with Stenger, Vilenkin remarked how the Aguirre-Gratton model attempts to evade a beginning by reversing the “arrow of time” at t = 0, but that: “This makes the moment t = 0 rather special. Its historic proponents include Al-Kindi, Al-Ghazali, and St. Bonaventure. It should be easy to observe the absurdities here. It is named after the kalam (medieval Islamic scholasticism) from which its key ideas originated. It is a very effective argument in defending the philosophical position of theistic worldviews. (the two I had were not really real debates) The child mortality rate in the United States, for children under the … Kalam is a valid logical syllogism with invalid or unvalidated premises. While refutation exists from those who hold to a philosophy of naturalistic materialism, the rationality of a supernatural cause of all things is evident from both philosophical reasoning and scientific evidence. To remain reasonable, one must agree that these sound like certain attributes of the Christian God. St. Thomas Aquinas, the most famous philosopher of the Middle Ages, adapted an argument he found in his reading of Aristotle to form one of the earliest and the most influential versions of the cosmological argument. Finally, if you wanted to observe the fall of the dominoes, where does one start since there is no beginning or no ending to the chain? The Kalam cosmological argument has received criticism from philosophers such as J. L. Mackie, Graham Oppy, Michael Martin, Quentin Smith, physicists Paul Davies, Lawrence Krauss and Victor Stenger, and authors such as Dan Barker. Referring to the implications of Classical Theism that follow from this argument, Craig writes: “… transcending the entire universe there exists a cause which brought the universe into being ex nihilo … our whole universe was caused to exist by something beyond it and greater than it. What is the Kalam Cosmological Argument for the existence of God? […] This literature was highly treasured by many Jewish enthusiasts, in... […] Judea and the Therapeutae in Egypt, were said to have a “secret”... […] (طهارة, ṭaharah) is an essential aspect of Islam. Modern discourse encompasses the fields of both philosophy and science (quantum physics and cosmology), which Bruce Reichenbach summarises as: “… whether there needs to be a cause of the first natural existent, whether something like the universe can be finite and yet not have a beginning, and the nature of infinities and their connection with reality”. Why does our worldview matter? In addition to Occam’s Razor, it may be argued that the unicity and coherence of the universe implies a single agent behind the creation of the universe. Craig cannot validly conclude that a single agent is the creator. Therefore, a beginningless series of past events cannot exist. 2. Craig maintains that the Kalam cosmological argument involves a commitment to the A-theory of time, also known as the “tensed theory of time” or presentism, as opposed to its alternative, the B-theory of time, also known as the “tenseless theory of time” or eternalism. The argument’s key underpinning idea is the metaphysical impossibility of actual infinities and of a temporally past-infinite universe, traced by Craig to 11th-century Persian Muslim scholastic philosopher Al-Ghazali. The Kalam cosmological argument has been reintroduced with some rigour into the philosophy of religion through the work of analytic philosopher William Lane Craig. How can one add or subtract from infinities? http://reasonablefaith.org - Hear special guest Dr. William Lane Craig walk us through the Kalam Cosmological Argument. Quantum mechanics does not in fact posit something coming from nothing, but rather things coming from the quantum vacuum–which is not “nothing.” His conception of first causeis the idea that the universe must have been caused by something which was itself uncaused, which he asserted was God. So, if Einstein’s gravity requires some modification, our conclusion will still hold. The universe began to … According to Craig, this is the crucial premise of the argument. According to the kalam, there can be only one itself-uncaused-and-eternal thing that causes all other things, and that first cause is God. The law of causality suggests that every effect that begins must have a prior cause. It has recently been argued that a defense of the Kalam cosmological argument does not have to involve such a commitment to the A-theory. In 1929, Edwin Hubble observed that wherever you look, distant galaxies are moving away from us, also inferring that at some earlier time all matter would have to be in the same place. The argument is that unless God exists, this question is unanswerable. One of the earliest formulations of the cosmological argument in Islamic tradition comes from Al-Ghazali, who writes: “Every being which begins has a cause for its beginning; now the world is a being which begins; therefore, it possesses a cause for its beginning.”. In his book A Universe from Nothing: Why There is Something Rather Than Nothing, cosmologist Lawrence Krauss has proposed how quantum mechanics can explain how space-time and matter can emerge from ‘nothing’ (referring to the quantum vacuum). Further, Aristotle described metaphysics as the study of being. the Kalam Cosmological Argument Instigator / Con 20 Jarrett_Ludolph 1510 rating 4 debates 75.0% won Topic #2467 the Kalam Cosmological Argument Status Finished All stages have been completed. To start the series of cascading dominoes, you’d have to start at the beginning to knock down the entire series. For it is no secret that one of the most important conceptions of what theists mean by ‘God’ is Creator of heaven and earth.”. Craig has defended the A-theory against objections from J. M. E. McTaggart and hybrid A–B theorists. Question 1: Is the Kalam Cosmological Argument (KCA) a successful argument? Jamie is a follower of Jesus Christ, a husband, and a father He currently resides in the state of Florida. In a review of Krauss’s book, he states: “Relativistic-quantum-field-theoretical vacuum states—no less than giraffes or refrigerators or solar systems—are particular arrangements of elementary physical stuff. He writes: “Even if the universe has a beginning in time, in the light of recently proposed cosmological theories this beginning may be uncaused. There have been many versions of the cosmological argument, but the KCA hearkens back to a Muslim theologian named Al-Ghazali. Since the two premises of the kalam cosmological argument are true, the conclusion necessarily and inescapably follows – namely, that the Universe has a cause for its existence. Today this argument, largely forgotten since the time of Kant, is once again back at center stage. Therefore, the cause must possess all information in the universe and is thus all-knowing. Craig formulates the Kalam as follows: P1. Pretty obvious.”7. Andrew Loke has argued against the metaphysical possibility of a beginningless universe as well as that of an actual infinite existing in the real world. On the topic of virtual particles, he writes: “For virtual particles do not literally come into existence spontaneously out of nothing. Why or why not? One such argument is the kalam cosmological argument. To describe the nature of all matter, Sagan (an atheist) appealed to a first cause. But, if the logical conclusion still fails to garner a reasonable acknowledgment, Professor Greg Koukl sums it up, “Here’s the simplified version: A Big Bang needs a big Banger. Basically, you put a god into the premises and (surprise!) Although it hadnumerous defenders through the centuries, it received new life in therecent voluminous writings of William Lane Craig. If both philosophy and science conclude that there was a beginning to our universe (a first event), then we should also inquire about the first cause if it is our desire to understand the truth about our world and its existence. If you have any suggestions, questions or need help please feel free to contact us. This is basically just another way of claiming something has always existed, and Here’s the argument in a deductive syllogism: Another great argument for the second premise, “The Universe Began to Exist,” is derived from the field of physics. Abstract objects, the only other ontological category known to have the properties of being uncaused, spaceless, timeless and immaterial, do not sit in causal relationships, nor can they exercise volitional causal power. Moreover, that Craig takes his argument too far beyond what his premises allow in deducing that the creating agent is greater than the universe. So, he concludes that this is a kind of first principle of metaphysics. Philosopher Michael Martin has also referred to quantum vacuum fluctuation models to support the idea of a universe with uncaused beginnings. He states: “We have no experience of the origin of worlds to tell us that worlds don’t come into existence like that. Furthermore, Since the cause of the universe must exist outside time, space, and all material, the cause must be spaceless, timeless, and non-material; i.e. Cosmologist Alexander Vilenkin has stated that even “the absence of space, time and matter” cannot truly be defined as ‘nothing’ given that the laws of physics are still present, though it would be “as close to nothing as you can get”. A first state of the material world cannot have a material explanation and must originate, Even if positing a plurality of causes prior to the origin of the universe, the causal chain must terminate in a cause which is absolutely first and, Agent causation, volitional action, is the only ontological condition in which an effect can arise in the absence of prior determining conditions. He states, “Being only comes from being. Professor Alexander Vilenkin, one of the three authors of the Borde-Guth-Vilenkin theorem, writes: “A remarkable thing about this theorem is its sweeping generality. The argument generally goes something like this: This argument presupposes presentism or the A Theory of time. Popular astronomer Carl Sagan, when explaining how stars contain the necessary materials for life, once said, “If you wish to make an apple pie from scratch, you must first invent the universe.” 1. My response in the video includes more detail. Here's the kalam/cosmological argument as rendered deductively by Craig (see included links for details): 1. whatever begins to exist has a cause of its existence 2. the universe began to exist 3. therefore, the universe has a cause of its existence Further, if you want to add to the chain of dominoes, how do you get to the end of an infinite chain to add one more domino into the chain? Similarly, if the number of days extends infinitely into the past, how did we arrive at today? Therefore, the universe has a cause of its existence. Theology, CREATION science, RATIONAL FAITH that every effect that begins to exist its.. Intellect ( e.g ( KCA ) a successful argument to confirm your subscription the conclusion necessarily. Past eternity of the first premiss of the cosmological argument for the existence of God, a. Greater than he or she nothing ’ in describing the quantum vacuum two premises is unanswerable guest William! 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Therefore the Kalam cosmological argument is a follower of Jesus Christ, a beginningless series cascading. Be obvious that Whatever begins to exist in reality David Albert has criticised the use of the cosmological! To say that Christianity is the formulation of the universe and is thus.! Not have to occur before the present, which any RATIONAL person take!, which any RATIONAL person would take as true without dissent good reason to assume what is the kalam cosmological argument priori that actual! But if it extends infinitely into the past were infinitely long, an amount! Against objections from J. M. E. McTaggart and hybrid A–B theorists states that this is that! Bruce Reichenbach and G.E.M E. McTaggart and hybrid A–B theorists ; Kalam argument. Time would never run out ): Whatever begins to exist a time. On the contrary, for all he shows, there may have been trillions of personal agents involved the... 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