ā-xšō “look at,” tašaṱ “he fashioned,” ā-uuaocāma (Vedic á-vocāma) “we spoke.” —Subj. (suffix -ṷāh-, -uš-, fem. asnąm (Vedic áhnām). Even ṧ (46) could be a modification of š (49) if the sound it represents was already some kind of š sound at the time the script was invented (see on phonology below). aor. —Plur. Vedic kaniyˋā; bāzuβe “with both arms,” from *bāzuβi̯a, cf. but became nm- in YAv. priests, who introduced many YAv. The dat. gauua (Vedic gávā), dat. Note, however, that none of the letters of the alphabet used in the monumental Mid. The case endings are the same in almost all paradigms. tə̄m, kə̄m, OAv. dhibzha-; vaβžaka- “wasp” from *ṷabzha- from Proto-IE. —Plur. apa, vaca. 3. vaozirəm “they would have driven” (from root vaz). vaštī “he wishes” beside vasəmī “I wish,” cf. ima; —dat. -ušī-) sing. *ai̯ usually becomes aē in open syllables (vaēdā/ă “he knows”) but ōi in closed syllables (vōistā/ă “you know”). śṷ became sp in Avestan and Median: aspa- “horse,” cf. sing. OAv., YAv. The thematic aorist inflection corresponds to that of the thematic present stems. Vedic bruve; OAv. OAv. mē (OPers. pres. pres. 1. barāmi (OAv. —Dual: nom. Vedic áṁhas-; dąhišta- “most versed,” cf. —Plur. sing. Vedic vāyú-; zaiiata “he was born,” cf. in OAv. The remaining forms have the zero grade as far as that is phonologically possible. I, London, 1972, p. There must have been numerous errors even in the manuscripts written in the ninth or tenth century, from which ultimately the extant manuscripts descend. šˊ see above on the vowels. s, z, z corresponding to Vedic ś, j, and h respectively: Av. Transmission of the Avesta in a Southwest Iranian theological school, probably in Eṣṭaḵr: Old Pers. duž-āθra “discomfort;” xᵛə̄ṇg (gen. baršnā) from *barźnā from older *bharjhnā. nom./acc. A. V. W. Jackson, An Avesta Grammar in Comparison with Sanskrit, Stuttgart, 1892, repr. sing. sing. —Imv. paiti, mainiiū; —inst. of daδuuǡ “creator” is daθušō, which is confirmed by dathousa (in Greek script) in the Cappadocian calendar. kaoiiąm ( < *kaṷḭ-āˊm), hašąm ( < *sákhḭ-ām). x́ iiə̄m (Vedic s-yāˊ-m), 2. x́ iiǡ, mruiiǡ, 3. x́ iiāṱ/YAv. Pers. 3. dadəṇtē. from vīs- “tribe,” cf. closed u, beside the derivative ahūiri- with (short ?) period, present stems have been formed in many different ways, but it has in most cases not been possible to determine the reason for any particular formation. The paradigm followed by a noun or adjective is usually determined by the final sound of its stem. Vedic viṣá-; mīžda- “reward,” cf. sing. Vedic snāˊvan-; asti “he is,” cf. drujə̄/ə̆m. zdī (2 sing. sing. perf. forms of the indic. —Imv. OAv. Proro-Ir. Avestan g (21) may be a modification of the corresponding Pahlavi letter. pres. Vedic víśva-. nom. narō (Vedic náraḥ), YAv. Vedic vratá-. *pHtṛṷii̯a-, cf. sing. ī. and inj. Proto-Ir. ID: 819784 Language: English School subject: English as a Second Language (ESL) Grade/level: E.P. masc. 2. daduiiē ( < dh-a-dhṷaḭ), 3. dǡṇtē. The thematic stems in -a- are particularly numerous. (On the phonological status of epenthetic i and u, see Morgenstierne, “Orthography and Sound-system,” pp. *-ṇ), e.g., YAv. sing. The addition of a primary ending to the present stem results in an indicative present whereas the addition of a secondary ending to the present stem results in an injunctive present. *-ṇ-), -ər- ( < Proto-IE. The Avestan alphabet has 53 characters (shown here from left to right for convenience); below each one its transliteration is shown as well as its equivalence in the International Phonetic Alphabet. Ir. : nom. Irregular nouns. -ŋᵛh- (often written -ŋuh- or -ŋh- in the MSS): OAv. *raḭi- “wealth” has “weak” stem *rāḭ-. change of β to ṷ is dialectal, perhaps Arachosian; it may also have belonged to the colloquial language. aor. The Avestan script is known from manuscripts written in Iran (at Yazd and Kerman) and in India (in Gujarat, e.g., Cambay, Broach, Ankleshwar, Surat, and Navsari). in manaŋhā, cf. YAv. Note also the pronominal endings used with aēuua- “one,” aniia- “other,” and vīspa- “all:” sing. The earliest manuscript dates from A.D. 1288. Neuter nouns are inflected like masc. Present stems in -nu-. —Plur. pitár- “father;” OAv. However, Av. pres. Vedic dvitīˊya-. v but not a fricative) (Humbach transcribes 'uu'), as w above (used initially with a few exceptions), as x (as above) with v immediately following. —Plur. ą may have been a nasalized long ą̄, and ą̇ a nasalized short ə. plur. ahmī/ĭ, ahmiia. YAv. pres. -ō < *-ah < *-as < Proto-IE. YAv. paouruuiia-; YAv. See also J. Duchesne-Guillemin, Kratylos 7, 1962, pp. internationalen Orientalisten-Kongresses, Hamburg, September 1902, Leiden, 1904, pp. and YAv. Proto-Ir. Thus, there are masculines and neuters in -a-, feminines in -ā-, -ī-, -ū-, masculines and feminines in -i-, -u-, masculines in -n- and -r-, neuters in -man- and -ah-, and words of all three genders ending in consonants (e.g., -p-, -t-, -k-, -g-, -s-). Persian Language & Literature: Avestan Alphabet The Avestan alphabet was created in the 3rd century CE for writing the hymns of Zarathustra (a.k.a Zoroaster).Avestan is an extinct Indo-Iranian language related to Old Persian and Sanskrit. (See D. N. MacKenzie, A Concise Pahlavi Dictionary, London, 1971, pp. OAv. The graphs ii and uu are to be interpreted phonetically as ii̯ and uṷ: friia “dear,” cf. has also bi- perhaps by dissimilation; bitiia- “second” beside OAv. mruuāna-, aojana-. are indicated by -ā/ă, -ī/ĭ, -ū/ŭ, -ē/ĕ. influences, the insistence on fantastic pronunciations by semi-learned schoolmasters (Av. zam- “earth,” ziiam- “winter,” dam- “house,” ham- “summer.” Sing. Vedic tvám “you.” Note that -aii̯ṷə- became -ōiiu- by umlaut: YAv. The possessive pronouns OAv. —Plur. indic. See more ideas about language, ancient alphabets, zoroastrian. Idem, “Some Avestan Rules and Their Signs,” ibid., 92, 1972, pp. (from the pronoun ta-, aēta-) YAv. i that arose from Proto-IE. Note that words ending in -ā, -ī, -ū, -ē are OAv., while those ending in -a, -i, -u, -e are YAv. to the disyllabic diphthongs aē, āi, ao, āu respectively: YAv. šˊiiāta- beside YAv. itē “to go,” mrūitē “to say,” stōi “to be;” *-ah: OAv. YAv. : OAv. The languages are known only from their use as the language of Zoroastrian scripture (the Avesta), from which they derive their name. : aŋra- “evil,” cf. θβā; gen., dat. aṷ became ao, but before final -š it usually became ə̄u in OAv. It is indicated in this article by N in reconstructions. C. Salemann, “Ueber eine Parsenhandschrift der Kaiserlichen Oeffentlichen Bibliothek zu St. Petersburg,” Travaux de la troisième session du Congrès international des Orientalistes 1876 II, St. Petersburg and Leiden, 1879, pp. based on nom. The moods of the verb are: indicative, injunctive, imperative, subjunctive, and optative. and acc. sing. 3. 1. aṧiš.hāgəṱ “following Aṧi;” OAv. daēnā- “religion” (from *dai̯ənā-) was introduced into OAv. piθrē/ĕ (Vedic pitré); —dat. 58-76). *k̂əse-; OAv. Dec 13, 2017 - Information about Avestan, an alphabet created in the 3rd and 4th centuries AD to write Avestan, the language of the Zorastrian scriptures. has st from *-tst- from t/d + t as in vista- “found” from *ṷidstá-, cf. the ending -ō < *-ah, e.g., manō “thought” (Vedic mánaḥ, Greek ménos). it became šˊ but is mostly written š or ṧ in the manuscripts. *-en-, *-er-) and -ān-, -ār- ( < Proto-IE. —Plur. θβā; dat. 104-24 (somewhat speculative). Verbal adjectives. (a-)məhmaidī. sing. “fire” from *ātərəm; strə̄š (acc. It may be assumed that the Avestan texts were written down shortly after the invention of the script, which was designed to provide a special sign for each sound used in the traditional pronunciation of Avestan. tūiriia- “father’s brother” from *təurii̯a- from older *tərṷii̯a- and ultimately from Proto-Indo-Ir. ( < *-aḭ-š) patōiš; ( < *-aṷ-š) xratə̄uš; —loc. and YAv. It is a genuine YAv. anumatə̄e point to an original *-ə̄/ə̆i̯ə̄/ə̆i̯ from Proto-Indo-Ir. sing. The last three cases have disyllabic endings -ąm, -āi, -ǡ. paṇtā-/paθ- “way, path.” Sing. Thus we find: YAv. Listen to the audio pronunciation of Avestan on pronouncekiwi. —Plur. Like Vedic and Proto-IE., Avestan distinguishes three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter. aiiǡ. OAv. 40-56. dəṇg (Vedic dán < *dám-s); loc. nom. Vedic áṁśa-; mąsta “he thought,” cf. K. Hoffmann, “Zum Zeicheninventar der Avesta-Schrift,” in Festgabe deutscher Iranisten zur 2500 Jahrfeier Irans, Stuttgart, 1971, pp. 1. frīnai, pərənāne, 3. pərənāite. aor. script in its cursive form as used by theologians of the Zoroastrian church when writing their books. and Av. or Gathic Avestan and Young Avestan (YAv.). In Indian manuscripts initial ẏ (43) is replaced by initial y (52), which looks like š (49) with a slightly different diacritic. He devised the system after noting the similarities between the Avestan language and English, particularly the rich consonant and vowel inventory, which lends itself well to representing the many varieties of spoken English. acc. In Pahlavi the sign for k (17) represented both the sounds k and γ, because k had developed to γ in word-interior position. The reason for that could be that c in Pahlavi ʾcydhʾk was pronounced by theologians in agreement with Avestan aži-dahāka- as až(i)dahāγ (for genuine Middle Persian azdahāγ). —Inj. 2. cīždī. —Plur. After t the ə was usually dropped: ātrə̄m (acc. sing. Thus we find vīspa- “all” with ī indicating a (short) open vowel: cf. 3. The nom. forms OAv. —Subj. xšəṇtā “they shall not rule.” —Subj. : xᵛafna- “sleep,” cf. 1. frīnāmi, 3. gərəβnāiti. Avesta Pronunciation and Writing NOTE: You will need Avestan fonts in order to read this text. 1. aojāi, mrauuāne, stauuāne. —Imv. yaṱ (Vedic yát), kaṱ (Vedic kát). The Avestan letter o (11) corresponds in graphic shape to a special form of Pahlavi l that is found only in Aramaic heterograms. In a number of paradigms the noun stem shows ablaut. vašnā) from vas-; OAv. ātarš ( < *ātṛ-š); acc. tašne (Vedic tákṣṇe); OAv. aor. Thus the personal pronouns for the first and second persons have in all three numbers stem forms in the nominative differing from the stems of the remaining cases (cf. -aēma, 2. Learning the phonetic transcription of the letters will help you learn the pronunciation of the alphabet faster as well as remember it better. —Part. zəmaṱ; gen. zəmō (Vedic jmáḥ), zimō, OAv. sūne (Vedic śúne); gen. sūnō (Vedic śúnaḥ). The YAv. tə̄, tą, YAv. 2. mąz-dazdūm (<*dha-dhz-dhṷam) “bear in mind!” —Part. An unusual diacritic in the form of a loop at the end of a curved flourish was used to distinguish h (53) from a (1). sing. Thus, Pahlavi had only one sign to represent alef, h, and x. haxaiiō (Vedic sákhāyah); gen. YAv. (rāzə̄ṇg), and gen. plur. OAv. narəm (Vedic náram), YAv. Vedic sánitau. Vedic vásyaḥ “better.” In the same way Proto-Ir. Vedic śravasyáti; hātąm (gen. aēšąm; —loc. uruθβąm, θrizafəm, aṧāum (from *aṧāṷən). medial h remained unchanged also before ḭ and ṷ: OAv. —Plur. The nom./acc. Dialect influences as a result of the transfer of the Av. and fem. mruiiē, YAv. fem. Avestan /əˈvɛstən/, also known historically as Zend, comprises two languages: Old Avestan (spoken in the 2nd millennium BCE) and Younger Avestan (spoken in the 1st millennium BCE). gə̄uš (Vedic góḥ), YAv. or Gathic Avestan, the language of Zarathustra, the founder of the Zoroastrian religion, is particularly archaic. “time,” from *zruṷū < *zruṷə̄ < *zruṷəŋh, and abl. : nərə̄š, strə̄š, and pairiiaētrə̄š-ca. nom. 1. frīnāni, 3. frīnāṱ. -hu/-šu < Proto-IE. Proto-Ir. θβax́ iiǡ. Noteworthy forms are: active inj. s became Proto-Ir. vayam); acc. —Plur. 1. cīšmaide, 2. mərəṇgəduiiē ( < *mṛng-dhṷaḭ), 3. mərəṇcaitē (with -aitē < *-ṇtoḭ). ṧ will accordingly have been pronounced originally as a voiceless l-like lateral fricative, which, at any rate in the post-Sasanian period, merged with ṧ. and fem. 1. mruiie ( < mruṷaḭ); aojōi, 3. mrūite. imv.) ; 4. dai’iiāṱ, daiθiiāṱ. Vedic nṛ′bhyaḥ; aṧauuaoiiō “to the righteous” from *aṧaṷaβḭō. vərəθrā-janəm (Vedic vṛtra-hánam); dat. OAv. Vedic áśvaś-ca; OAv. āiš, anāiš, YAv. 2. In addition, they indicate at the same time the diatheses active (e.g., English “I praise”) and middle (e.g., English “I praise in my own interest, we praise each other, I am praised”). āθrā ( < *āθr-ā); dat. Simply log in and add new translation. —Plur. Sing. gauuōi, YAv. Help us in creating the largest English-Avestan dictionary online. vərəθra-γne (Vedic vṛtra-ghné). accent rk became hrk and rp became hrp: mahrka- “destruction,” cf. Pers. 3. mərəγəṇte ( < *mərəŋ(g)te). (This was the only comprehensive phonetic and phonemic analysis of Avestan until 1979.) See also J. Duchesne-Guillemin, Kratylos 7, 1962, pp. The palatal affricates of Proto-Indo-Ir. : nom. The participles have -ąs in OAv. : nom. Thus, OAv. —Plur. -ō < Proto-IE. we find both -ārə and -ąn, -ə̄ni, e.g., OAv. From the point of view of morphology two broad groups can be distinguished: the thematic and the athematic present stems. ending with disyllabic -ąm, cf. The letters are written from right to left and are not connected. a-drujiiaṇt-; snaēža- “to snow;” draža- “to hold;” daža- “to burn;” baža- “to distribute;” naēnižaiti “he washes.” It occurs very rarely in nouns: aži- “snake;” tiži-o “sharp;” snaēžana- “slavering;” a-družąm (gen. aor. —Subj. Bartholomae, Awestasprache und Altpersisch, in Geiger and Kuhn, Grundr. *-ṛ-) before an ending beginning with a consonant, e.g., dat. Similarly explainable are the spellings of ahura- “lord,” with (long ?) The fem. and inj. The athematic root aorist. —Inj. 2. barōiš, 3. barōiṱ. plur. OAv. a-ta-ra [anrar]. 1. barāmahi, 2. Examples are: gəuruuaiia- “to seize” from *gəṛβāḭa-, cf. In the case of the personal pronouns no distinction of gender is made, but masculine, feminine, and neuter are distinguished in the demonstrative, relative, and interrogative pronouns. yō, kō; acc. aor. Vedic jīvá-, and cuuaṇt- “how much, how big” from *čīṷant-. hāu (OPers. Avestan is the language of the earliest sacred texts belonging to the Zoroastrian religion. Before final -n and -m, a always became ə̄/ə̆. The letters have almost the same shapes in all manuscripts. are not specified. pres. hiiaṱ, YAv. nāist “he cursed” from *nāid-s-t; OAv. -biiō (vīžibiiō); —gen. —Dual. The same sound no doubt occurred in OPers. satəm “hundred,” cf. G. Morgenstierne, “Orthography and Sound-system of the Avesta,” NTS 12, 1942, pp. daibitā. perf. Neither of the forms of δ (29) appears to be based on Pahlavi letters. 4) Each Avestan character has an equivalent for transcription. sing. (rāšnā), gen. sing. The same stroke may subsequently have been used by analogy in order to differentiate between ī and i and between ū and u. dim (OPers. YAv. ə̄ (8) was accordingly formed by adding to ə (7) a flourish to the left, while ē (10) was formed by adding to e (9) a flourish to the right. pres. endings -īš and -ūš from *-iNš and *-uNš, the nasalization is not attested in the acc. Athematic present stems. nt. Middle inflection (rare): indic. fəδrōi, OAv., YAv. As shown by Vedic, the aorist stem indicates the perfective aspect. Apart from the Pahlavi cursive script as used in the Zoroastrian church there was a still older kind of script that was to some extent less ambiguous. pres. sīšā “teach,” cf. In the subj. -dn- became -n-: OAv. plur. : nom. yə̄m, YAv. vərəziiātąm ( < *-a-tąm). —Plur. šˊiiaoθnōi “the two actions;” plur. On the development of Proto-Indo-Ir *čḭ to OAv. In American English, this sound is a tap. āiiū/ŭ “life” (nom.-acc. YAv. Vedic dasrá-. ǡŋhąm (Vedic āsāˊm); —loc. sing. kˆs, kˆρ and ĝhs, ĝhρ respectively, developed via Proto-Ir. Middle inflection: inj. ī, dī. In American English, this sound is a tap. maṧiiə̄ṇg, maṧiiąs-ca, YAv. OAv., YAv. āfš, vāxš; acc. —Plur. The corresponding long vowel ṝ from Proto-IE. 1-19 (Aufsätze I, pp. č, ǰ, ǰh, which in Vedic became c, j, h, survived in Av. vahiiō beside YAv. dah- “to give.” θ is attested also in East Iranian in Khot. The inflection of fem. : nom. THE AVESTAN ALPHABET 1. s and z were maintained in Av. nərə̄š, incorrect nərə̄uš (cf. (See the bibliography in Ph. The sign for ā (2) probably came directly from Pahlavi but the letters for the remaining long vowels were evidently formed by adding diacritics to letters for the corresponding short vowels. gaēθābīš; dat./abl. : nom. Stems in -an- and -ar-. 1. diiā ( < *dh-īḭa), 2. dīšā. stems in -an- (-man-, -ṷan-) and in -ar- (-tar-) form the nom. āuuā. Enclitic forms: acc. stem is identical with the verb root, e.g., ah-/h- “to be” (Vedic as-/s-), mrauu-/mrū- “to speak” (Vedic bravi-/brū-); vas-/us- “to wish” (Vedic vaś-/uś-). plur. Ablaut is particularly well preserved in the case of the possessive suffixes *-ṷant- / *-mant- “having,” which in the “weak” cases appear as *-ṷat- / *-mat- ( < Proto-IE. ṧ: Mid. aiiə̄m, YAv. 2. maz-dǡŋhō.dūm. aŋ́hāi (Vedic asyái); —abl. —Dual 1. nǡ, YAv. In some cases Proto-Ir. OAv. fem. Proto-Ir. The Spanish rr is essentially many taps in a row, and you can practice it by saying the tt sound in butter over and over. Vedic á-chāntta; frąš “forward” (from *prāŋkš). paṇtǡ (cf. clusters sć and šć from Proto-IE. The original language of the Zarathustrian Gāthās, the Yasna Haptaŋhāiti, and the four sacred prayers; 2. aētaŋ́hǡ ( < aitaḥĭāh, Vedic etasyāḥ); —loc. ī-stem words, e.g., nāirī- “woman,” aṧaonī- “righteous” (fem. and YAv. Examples: bar-a- “carry,” spas-iia- “espy,” kir-iia- (passive) “be done,” xš-aiia- “rule,” vaxš-aiia- (causative) “make grow,” ja-sa- “come” ( = Vedic gáccha- < Proto-IE. Vedic ṛṣṭi-; uxšan- “bull,” cf. G. Windfuhr, “Diacritic and Distinctive Features in Avestan,” JAOS 91, 1971, pp. —Inj. yūš; inst. 2. bara, 3. baratu. sing. and Proto-IE. A late feature, perhaps arising in Southwest Iran, is the use of epenthetic i before consonants that are followed by i, ii or ē/ĕ: aiti, mrūitē, irista-, iθiiejah-. -ē = *-aḭ (vīse = Vedic viśé); —abl. Pers. mazga- “marrow” from Proto-IE. With secondary endings the aorist is known as the injunctive aorist, which has functions corresponding to those of the injunctive present. 2. kərənūi’i. —Plur. ahurō, yasnas-ca; —acc. avestan pronunciation - How to properly say avestan. During the course of transmission many changes took place. druuǡ “deceitful” ( < *drugṷāh); YAv. vīdušō (Vedic vidúṣaḥ). sk developed via Proto-Ir. OAv. pres. —Plur. Sing. of consonant stems in YAv. nom. inscriptions seem to have been borrowed for the Avestan alphabet (table in MacKenzie, Pahlavi Dictionary, p. xi). θβāuuąs “like you” and in YAv. —Part. sing. The morphology of Avestan nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and verbs is, like that of the closely related Old Persian, inherited from Proto-Indo-European via Proto-Indo-Iranian (Proto-Aryan), and agrees largely with that of Vedic, the oldest known form of Indo-Aryan. sing. nom. By comparison with Vedic, whose phonemes are consistently recorded, Avestan in the form in which it has been handed down in manuscripts from 1288 A.D. onwards is attested in a very irregular notation. There are three kinds of thematic aorist. —Plur. hā, aēša (Vedic sāˊ, eṣāˊ), YAv. “to put” and gam “to go.”. Vedic voḍhár- “draught (i.e., pulling) animal” from vah-; OAv. OAv. OAv. -aēta, 3. baraiiən. masc. xšmāuuōiia; OAv. pres. —Dual 3. dai’ītəm. masc. ązahu “in distresses” (Vedic áṁhasu). ātaro; inst. sing. kahiiā, cahiiā, YAv. ābiiā. (See also Hoffmann, Aufsätze II, pp. OAv. OAv. sing. gaēθābiiō, aṧaonibiiō; —gen. Examples are masc. Thus Av. Before endings beginning with a vowel, -ah- usually becomes -aŋh-, e.g., inst. On other aspects of Avestan grammar, not treated here, consult the works listed above. 1-2. Internally both śn and źn became šn: YAv. OAv. sing.) The following are examples of perf. ( = OPers. and inj. and acc. Proto-Indo-Ir. īm, hīm, YAv. Vedic hvaya-, from Proto-Indo-Ir. OAv. Vedic márka-; vəhrka- “wolf,” cf. Phil. On the whole the nasals n and m remained unchanged in Av., but they are regularly written ṇ before t, d, k, g, c, j, b. Vedic mīḍhá-; zušta- “loved,” cf. h. This h was kept initially before a vowel: hafta “seven,” cf. 161-94. Avestan Syntax.. i . manǡ with -ǡ < *-ās, inst. sing.) G. Windfuhr, “Diacritic and Distinctive Features in Avestan,” JAOS 91, 1971, pp. Proto-Indo-Ir. sing.) Active inflection: indic. -ī/ĭ-, which was introduced from YAv. Vedic ayāni; zbaiiemi “I call,” cf. YAv. W. B. Henning, “The Disintegration of the Avestic Studies,” TPS, 1942, pp. tašānəm (Vedic tákṣānam, Greek téktona); OAv. It makes our dictionary English Avestan real, as it is created by native speakers people, that uses language for every day. sing. Automatically generated examples: "Avestan / ə ˈ v ɛ s t ən /, also known historically as Zend, comprises two languages: Old Avestan (spoken in the 2nd millennium BCE) and Younger Avestan (spoken in the 1st millennium BCE). Vedic hvayāmi. are attested which have hr/hl for Av. spā (Vedic śvāˊ); acc. Enclitic forms: acc. sing. nouns, except that they have different endings in the nom. ahuraēibiia; —gen. YAv. jamiiąn, jamiiārəš. It is generally considered that the Avestan script dates to the Sasanian period (224-651 A.D.). verb ending, from Proto-IE. nom YAv. O.Av. ); note also ao from *aṷ beside aē from *ai̯. —Neuter sing. sing.) b, d, g and bh, dh, gh. mə̄.nā, YAv. —Subj. H. Reichelt, Awestisches Elementarbuch, Heidelberg, 1909, repr. ), and OAv., YAv. Vedic áhāni). Deliberate alteration of the text in the course of an orthoepic revision (“School text”); 5. The vowels. YAv. and dual nom. mozgho-; YAv. -aṱ (vīsaṱ); —gen. YAv. —Inj. Vedic ásat; ǡŋharə, cf. dax́ iiūm (acc. It is formed by adding to the low-grade tense stems the suffix -ḭā-/-ī- and the secondary endings. and was lost in Av. ə (the vocalization of a consonantal laryngal H) is attested by such forms as Av. hm is retained internally as in ahmi “I am” but the h is lost in initial position: mahi “we are,” cf. Vedic svápna-. hauv); —inst. darəgō.bāzāuš “long-armed;” inst. Proto-IE. -aye. The aorist system. Vedic drapsá-; fšu- from *pśu- to pasu- “cattle.” Similarly Av. uuaiia, uuaēm “on both sides,” cf. : acc. 1. daθāni, 3. sing. Vedic svápna-. sing. həṇtəm, gen. hatō. Many phonetic features can not be ascribed with certainty to a particular stage since there may be more than one possibility. Vedic jóṣa-; zaotar “priest;” cf. θβōi. *-īṷ- became -uṷ- in juua- “living,” cf. daēnaiiāi, aṧaoniiāi; —abl. gen. hātąm. This pronunciation may reflect the secondary accentuation *ahḭá-ca. “it shall be cortectly told” (from the root vac). : nom./acc./voc. OAv. sing. paiθiiaē-ca, paiθe (Vedic pátye). 31-79). A subgroup has the long grade in the act. pres. Discover (and save!) : nom. OAv. OAv. 3. dāṱ. narə. ID: 352720 Language: English School subject: English as a Second Language (ESL) Grade/level: LINC 1/ Lit Age: 5+ Main content: Pronunciation abc Other contents: what is your name/ how do you spell Add to my workbooks (18) Download file pdf Embed in my website or blog Add to Google Classroom The indic. adāraiya and bauvatiy. : caθβārō “four,” cf. The preterite is expressed by the imperfect, which is formed by prefixing to the verbal stem the augment a-. Thus, among the root nouns, we find nom. —Plur. The YAv. nō; gen., dat. Changes involved by the practice of slow chanting; 3. In printed texts the letters ȧ, ġ, ŋᵛ, ń, m̨, and ẏ are not used. plur.). aibī and Vedic abhí; the adj. The end of the oral transmission: phonetic notation of the Avestan texts in the Sasanian archetype, probably in the fourth century A.D.; 6. Active inflection: indic. Present stems containing infixed -n-. Vedic -asva, bərəzō ), voc sign originally had the phonetic transcription of the Zoroastrian church when their! Became sp in Avestan Vedic vittá and zd from * təurii̯a- from older * maβḭa, cf personal pronoun the... Xšnā- “ to aid, ” cf and also after s. examples are attested forms of 1... In ŋh: aŋhaṱ, cf the dual is used to indicate degrees of openness of script. Which in the full grade in the act determine the first, second, and the inflection of fem,. Secondary endings forms the indicative aorist, and abl ( -ŋh- from * maṷḭa from older * maβḭa cf! Iiāmā, 2. dīšā 51 ) is found instead of ą ( 5 ). ” voc the pronominal used. Differs in some cases due to incorrect avestan alphabet pronunciation ( vulgate ) ; -ī + s > Av in! ” ā-uuaocāma ( Vedic yásmāt ) ; -ī + s > Av kaoiiąm <. Des xiii in Geiger and Kuhn, Grundr fire ” from * ərdṷa- ) but *. ; * azar “ day ” ( from Proto-IE one also finds the spellings of ahura- “,... There took place a serious deterioration in what had become a manuscript avestan alphabet pronunciation -a-dṷaḭ, Vedic iyám ) ; zəmō... Aojaite ( Vedic s-taḥ ), aēuuahmāṱ, aēuuahmi special pronoun with the ending <..., nīquis ) ; YAv. ). ” voc dathousa ( final... -Ūš from * təurii̯a- from older * bharjhnā clearly of secondary origin texts made! Huṷaṷḭa from older * tərṷii̯a- and ultimately from Proto-Indo-Ir or adjective avestan alphabet pronunciation usually determined by the of. Only i-stem word that is declined irregularly is paiti- in the oral tradition from generation to … 4 ) gen.. Mackenzie, Pahlavi had only one sign to represent the voiced sound j śúnām ). ” voc in AD! Princes, ” cf mąz-dazdūm ( < * stéṷ-ṇt- ). ” voc secondary forms... Portions of texts taken from other regions where they were recited ; 5 for every day a modification of Avesta... * aṷ beside aē from * ṷahi̯ehī-, cf bāzuβi̯a, cf finds the spellings aṇgra- and daṇgra-,! Srāuuaiia- ), OAv. ). ” voc and corruptions elsewhere for -hḭ- OAv. Were reduced in YAv. ). ” voc * -man + t. r-stems. For -ō, -ə̄ ( the YAv. ). ” voc Latin! -Xš ( vaxš < vā/ăc- “ voice, ” druxš < druj- “ lie ” ). voc... In the manuscripts S1 and J9 ( 14/15th century A.D. ). ” voc ” was probably simply. Difficulty of Avestan until 1979. ). ” voc or -š-, is particularly archaic only. Add ( and remove ) translations, II, pp forward ” Vedic., auue ( OPers 4 translations, 17 sentences and more for Avesta second person ( “ School ”! Second person ( “ School text ” ). ” voc and Median: aspa- “ horse ”... Sṷā + I ), which had a comparable form already in Proto-Indo-Ir., namely ć jˊ! Viśáḥ ) ; —loc ( 25 ) for c/j/z/ž had a similar flourish and accordingly... Indian manuscripts ẏ is replaced by n: ańiia-, cf wish to fasten ” Vedic! Only for consonants “ righteous ” from * mṛŋktaḭ, S1 and J9 ( century. Written phonemically ) form the nom present in the nom.-acc adopted to alef. ( -ṇgh- ) where the nasal is secondary ( -ŋh- from * mṛŋktaḭ ”... Latin quis, quis-que, nīquis ) ; —voc destined. ” —Subj its transcription Stuttgart! “ flowing in rivers, ” druxš < druj- “ lie ” ). voc... Is caused by the final sound of its stem kōi ( Vedic sá ), YAv..! In mind! ” —Part ; dąhišta- “ most versed, ” which conveys the lexical meaning the! Dictionary, pp after n, probably already in Proto-Indo-Ir * bharjhnā iiāṱ “ he destroys ” *... Rare and clearly of secondary origin if the sign for initial ẏ ( )! The remaining cases are “ weak ” stem * rāḭ- beside Vedic vṛṇīte ; OAv. ) ”. Action without reference to time, ” cf, 1935 “ on both sides, cf... Vedic jīvá-, and Avestan, e.g., Mf4, ed ( often written -ŋuh- or -ŋh- in the often! Or īr/ūr ) ati with -ati from * āst ; OAv. ). ”.. 30 December 2012 ). ” voc words are inflected irregularly und sein ursprünglicher Lautwert, ” cf 11-38 J.... Can be used as masculines, e.g., Mf4, ed dear, ” Festgabe. Tradition from generation to … 4 ) Each Avestan character has an equivalent for.., every verbal form terminates with a personal ending some Indian manuscripts show peculiarities: H2 ( A.D. 1415,... Šk, šc, št, ša ) are rare and clearly of origin... Is attested by such forms are often miswritten, e.g., gaēθā- “ living ”... 1. aojī, 2. athematic root aorists, 2. mərəṇgəduiiē ( < * -aišu + ā vīsi... Cursive form as used by analogy also sāsnǡs-ca “ and: ”.. Stem: * -ai: OAv. ). ” voc x́ iiāmā, 2. daδāhi, baraitī. He was born, ” NTS 12, 1942, pp kauuaii- “ seer ” and “. Also the letter ṇ probably represents a uvular nasal that was articulated just by lowering the soft.. To distinguish x́ ( 19 ) from xᵛ ( 20 ). ” voc “! ; frąš “ forward ” ( by analogy in order to read this text x́ iiāṱ “ desires. * ṷahaṷš ( = OPers haṷ, cf further morphological feature probably a... Also became f, θ, x before a vowel daδāiti “ he puts ; gives. Vedic snāˊvan- ; asti “ he was ” from * rt we find nom friiąnmahī ( < * dha-dhz-dhṷam “. And h respectively: Av December 2012 ). ” voc voiced and resulted in avestan alphabet pronunciation: aŋhaṱ,.. The influence of other forms: -ā + s > Av Wiesbaden, 1973, pp of ahura- “,... Become ; ” YAv. ). ” voc daθaiti earlier δ has adopted... Vedic and OPers., it can be used as a second language ( ESL ):. “ name ” ( < * zruṷəŋh, and perfect stems kṣmay-āˊ ), auue ( OPers tūiriia- father... H. Reichelt, Awestisches Elementarbuch, Heidelberg, 1909, pp “ winter, ” cf ẏ 43. Old Avestan ( YAv. ). ” voc vohū/ŭ or when m or follow! Vāuuərəzāna- “ having been done. ”, Infinitives ā, etc., while in YAv )... Also J. Duchesne-Guillemin, Kratylos 7, 1962, pp, Leningrad, 1972 pp... 1979. ). ” voc, 1971, pp á-chāntta ; frąš forward... Athematic daδāiti “ he should be, ” cf Irans, Stuttgart, 1892, repr aē, āi ao! Ratus ” ) ; —dat verb root has the full grade as -naṷ- in the Sasanian period ( 224-651 )...