how did the mycenaeans influence greek culture

Possession of writing was absolutely essential for enforcing contracts and keeping track of property. Sea traders- passed on Minoan, egyptian, and Mesopotamian influences. During the Minoan Civilization ‘tholos tombs’ were built and a series of them were excavated at Knossos in the 1960’s. Spectator sports were highly popular, especially boxing and a curious gymnastic we call bull-jumping. This is different than art in Egypt or Mesopotamia where rulers were set on memorializing themselves through art and statuary, and priests of depicting gods and ceremonies. Edward’s name and assumptions were based on the trail of the Mycenaeans to the Minoans and their myths. Some theories link the King of Crete Minos to Menes (sometimes referred to as Narmer) the first Pharaoh of Egypt. Now it is important to note that Minos is the son of Zeus begotten in Crete by Princess Europa. Iliad 1.423–4 (Thetis is speaking to Achilles.). Since the Egyptians did not use vowels Minos and Menes are structurally the same. Also recorded are noble warriors such as Memnon, the Ethiopian king, who was memorialized in art and poem. Map of Mycenaean Greece, stretched over the mainland, the islands of the Aegean Sea and Crete, via Wikipedia It is an era of great might and splendor, fierce warriors and great kings inspired Homer to write his epic poems Iliad and Odyssey. John Chadwick points out that at least six centuries lie between the earliest settling of proto-Greek speakers in Hellas and the earliest Linear B inscriptions, during which concepts and practices will have fused with indigenous beliefs, and— if cultural influences in material culture reflect influences in religious beliefs— … “To Troy no hero came of nobler line; Or if of nobler, Memnon it was thine.” [Odyssey Book XI] So much so that centuries later, the twin statues of pharaoh Amenhotep III located in Egypt were named the Colossus of Memnon by the Greeks. The Mycenaeans were able to take land by force in the Aegean region, but they eventually expanded their influence directly to Anatolia and Egypt through trade, incorporating their culture into the Bronze Age sy… They built citadels and fortresses centered on the city of Mycenae on the Peloponesian Peninsula. Furthermore, the Middle Kingdom was the nexus between the Old Kingdom (2666–2181) that erected the pyramids and the New Kingdom (1550–1069) which further expanded Egypt’s dominance in the region. until the Mycenaeans defeated them and took over (Biers, 1980, 27). Trojan Wars. Yet the people out-grew the limited resources of their island; to maintain their standard of living they had to reach out. A. the spread of Greek ideas around the ancient world B. the creation of a new empire C. the division of the empire among his generals D. Macedonian Most historians presume that they made their way from Asia Minor. There are definite sources of influence on early Greek culture to be found in the history of the second millennium, for which we have significant archaeological evidence and even some written documents. Whatever the reason, the Mycenaean civilization collapsed around 1100 BC. Just as geography was a deciding factor in the rise of the Minoans, it would also play a decisive and dramatic role in their downfall. Although the legend of Troy had been around for millenniums, it was the excavation conducted by Heinrich Schliemann (1822–1890) that linked Mycenae to Troy. Mycenaeans. The Iliad and the Odyssey, however, are only two parts of an eight-part known as “the Epic Cycle” of the Trojan War that emanates from a much older oral tradition. The second: The Archaeological and Documentary Evidence (1991) and the last: The Linguistic Evidence (2006), In addition to these three volumes he wrote, Black Athena Writes Back (2001), which was a response to his critics. Speculation about Minoan religion indicates the gods were mainly female. Thanks to the work of Evans and others, we now know that the Minoans were the predecessors of the Mycenaeans, and we can date their civilization to approximately 1450 BCE. During this time, the Phoenicians represented Egyptian power in the Levant. Moreover, according to Greek myths, the founders of Mycenae were the progeny of Princess Andromeda who was the daughter of an Ethiopian king. There is much debate about the role of females in Minoan culture. But another invasion, this time of a more barbaric people known as the Dorians made their own invasion, first of Mycenae and then of Crete. It seems to have been created simply for the sake of pleasure and adding beauty to a home or palace. Mycenaean culture included elaborate burial practices, but only for the wealthy aristocracy. Isis was the mother of Horus, the pharaoh of Egypt and likewise, Europa (from which Europe derives its name) was the mother of King Minos. The Minoans did not speak Greek but had extensive contact with Egypt and the Near East, particularly the Phoenicians who were also maritime people, and they passed this culture to the Mycenaeans. From childhood, Schliemann was fascinated by the Trojan War, and he dedicated his life to proving that the Greek legendary war was more than a myth. What do these myths tell us about the origins of their civilizations? The Hyksos were expelled from Egypt in 1546 at the start of the New Kingdom. Their ships seem to have combined the functions of both trader and fighter, making their navy efficient and flexible. In 1900 CE, Evans came upon a building with nearly twelve hundred rooms. dark ages. For example, he cites the Greek legend that Daedalus, the builder of the Knossan labyrinth modeled his structure on the then famous labyrinth of Amememhet III of the 12th Dynasty. The descendants of Dorus and Aeolus the Dorians and the Aeolians arrived just before the Dark Ages at the fall of the Mycenaean civilization. One of the more important clues regarding this disposition to violence or otherwise lies in the architecture of the two civilizations. After Homer, the activity of… According to the Greeks, the original inhabitants of Greece were the Achaeans and the Ionians, who fought in the Trojan War. The devastation must have laid waste to much of the Minoan merchant marine, because it was not long after that the Mycenaeans invaded Crete. In Greek myth, the primogenitor was Hellen the man who should not be confused with the female Helen of Troy (The Face That Launched a Thousand Ships) and she was the cause of the Trojan War. The Greek ruler Themistocles knee it was a temporary victory he then started to build up the Greek navy. Genetically, linguistically and religiously they were the same people, and while genetically and religiously there wasn't an actual difference between them, there was an linguistic evolution through time. Although this labyrinth was in complete ruins by the time of the Victorian Egyptologist, it was described by Strabo (Book XVII, I, 37 Bohn) and by Herodotus 448 BCE. Geography & Early Culture. Which sentences describes a cycle of dependency? Some of the legends, particularly the ones told by Hesiod, resemble the stories previously told by the Phoenicians. The pyramids and sphinx of Egypt were over 1000 years old and Egypt was in its 18th dynasty. Furthermore, Herodotus wrote in his history centuries later: “The Egyptians said that they believed the Colchians to be descended from the army of Sesostris (Senusret). Toward the end of the New Kingdom, Egypt’s influence and interest in the Levant waned, which created a vacuum of power in the region. religious practice, art, politics, and literature. In fact, Ethiopia was the place where the gods came to feast, and the Greeks often referred to them as the blameless race. References to the people as a group have been found in Egyptian documents especially regarding trade, but nothing regarding specific leaders. This does not, however, exclude direct cultural diffusion as Mycenaean artifacts were discovered in Egypt by Sir Flinders Petrie (1853–1942). Writing | This cord could be traced, sometimes through the Phoenicians and other maritime nations, back to its source which was Ancient Egypt and Middle Eastern civilizations in existence thousands of years before the emergence of Greece. His breakthrough was helpful in the dating of the Mycenaean culture. The myth of the labyrinth on Crete, from which the Greeks trace their roots may lay in the legends of the great labyrinth of pharaoh Amenemhat III of the Egyptian Middle Kingdom. Evans was not a professional scholar, however, like Schliemann, he was guided by the Greek tradition of recording the history of Crete in their legends. Furthermore, the noted archeologist, Eduard Meyer, while excavating tombs in Thebes (Waset) in Upper Egypt, came upon paintings amazingly like those in the palace of Knossos. Many historians interpret the phrase in the Bible: “Now there arose up a new king over Egypt, which knew not Joseph” (Exodus 1:8): as the end of the Hyksos domination and the rise of the New Kingdom under Ahmose I. The classical Greeks were known throughout the world, and today, just as much for their merchant and trade activities as they were for their martial abilities. Although the Minoan and Mycenaean cultures were both influenced by more sophisticated cultures to their south and east, the impact of the Minoans on the Mycenaeans can be seen in the imitation of Minoan culture and products. These people wiped out all the advances of the Minoans and ushered in a dark age which would last for half a millennium. Both Minoan and Mycenaean primogenitors are princesses from foreign nations. For example, the true name of the sphinx is Hor-am-Akhet (Horus on the Horizon). One significant difference between the Egyptian drama and Greek theater is that the Egyptians concentrated on the life of the god, and Greeks on the life of the hero. The Mycenaeans were the ancestors of the Greeks of the Classical period. However, they were powerful in their own right and masters of the sea. This theme is consistent with the biblical narratives of Abraham and Joseph. Many of their architectural styles were actually products of the Mycenaean civilization, who were the earliest Greek-speaking people. This spurred a growing and relatively affluent population. By about 1580 BCE Minoan civilization began to spread across the Aegean. In Meyer’s paradigm, the cultural diffusion from the Egyptians to the Minoans is more direct and pervasive. The interconnections antedate not only the earliest Hebrew and Greek writings, but also the earliest texts of Sumer and Egypt. Burial mounds or tholos were generally not dedicated to an individual, but to groups, perhaps families or clans, but possibly a community. Even so, the island is situated fairly close to Egypt, and their trading activities certainly would have exposed them to Egyptian culture. Ancient Egypt also had mystery plays that outdated the Minoan plays. In the Levant, Solomon’s greatest skill may have been his diplomacy which may also account for the worship of Canaanite gods in Israel. Classical scholars know about the orientalising periods in Greek art; and Near Eastern specialists are familiar with Minoan, Mycenaean, Hellenistic and still later Greek influence in Western Asia and Egypt. One of the most prominent legends of the Greeks is about their hero Theseus who tied a cord to the entrance of the Cretan labyrinth and encountered the flesh-eating Minotaur in the middle of the labyrinth and slew him; thereby, freeing his fellow Greeks from the tribute of flesh demanded by the king of Crete. The Mycenaean Civilization: Bronze Age Greece. And maybe this was the biggest influence of the mycenean civilization to later greek culture. When the Minoan culture disappeared in about 1600 B.C.E., for reasons archeologists still have yet to discover, the Mycenaean culture began to flourish on mainland Greece and invaded Crete, where they encountered the Minoans. It is most apparent that Greek myths represent distorted memories of the Greek Mycenaean era. Take a quiz on this article about Minoan Culture. There have been many ruins uncovered on the Island of Crete. The Greeks became known as Hellenes and Greece as Hellas. Yet the Mycenaeans went one … The Mesara type of tholos is peculiar since it links to the Mycenaean tholos as they both contain a ‘dromos’. They worked in the bureaucracy. This Minoan tradition can also be found in Mycenaean Greece in the mystery plays and festivals. Historians and scholars have often pondered if the legends delineated in Homer’s two epic poems were myth masqueraded as history or true events. They built large trade ships and traveled to places like Egypt where they traded goods like olive oil and wine for metals and ivory. There is also evidence that strongly suggests that the denizens on the island of Crete may have been in contact with the Egyptians as early as the Old Kingdom. Their language was not Indo-European so they likely had not come from the north or north-west. From the Egyptians the Cretans probably learned writing, which originally took the form of hieroglyphics and later became a more phonetic form, which is referred to today as Linear A. There is perhaps a nexus between the Mycenean myths told by the Greeks, the stories in the Bible and history as recorded by the Egyptians. Yet the Mycenaeans went one step further, engaging frequently in piracy. Now there are not less than 200 years between Minos I and Minos II, which infers a dynasty not a single ruler. However, this time also corresponds with the rise of the sea people some of which were the Philistines mentioned in the Bible from which the name Palestine emerged. The influence of the Minoan civilization outside Crete has been seen in the evidence of valuable Minoan handicraft items on the Greek mainland. The Mycenaeans. It stretched from Ethiopia to the Levant. Meyers, however, was the exact opposite, leading from the Egyptians directly to the Minoans (Keftiu). Scholars believe that most of the thousands of documents uncovered (often in the form of clay tablets in the manner of the Mesopotamians) were records of economic transactions. The Greek City-States (polis) would emerge from the groundwork laid during the Heroic Age and the influence of non-European nations on Greece. Trade with great powers had ancillary effect. The Ionians later migrated across the sea to settle the Aegean islands and found Ionia. Once their neighbors came out of this decline, Israel went into decline and was eventually divided and conquered by outside nations. The Minoans, who were known particularly for their extensive trade and dominance of the sea, existed from about 27th century B.C. In 480 BC Darius's son Xerxes sent a larger force of 20,000 soldiers and nearly 1000 ships. However, Egypt’s conservatism can serve as a link between the evolution and cultural diffusion of its great empire — to the rising age of the Greeks. One may ask the question: Why would Ethiopians travel thousands of miles to fight a war in Troy when they had no skin in the game? Social Studies, 22.06.2019 15:30, kezin. If you subtract 430 years from 1546, it equals the year 1116 BCE which is very close to the historical date of the establishment of the state of Israel, the decline of Mycenae and the New Kingdom. Geography | The Minoans were a maritime nation traveling to Egypt, the Near East, the islands of the Aegean and Southern Greece. According to Egyptian myth, he was the first pharaoh. Although the Iliad ends with the killing of Hector by Achilles, we learn of Achilles’ death by Paris through other parts of the Epic Cycle. The others are as follows: the Cypria, which focuses on the first nine years of the war; the Aethiopis, which focuses on Troy’s alliance with Ethiopia, the Little Iliad on the Trojan Horse, the Iliupersis, on the sack of Troy, the Nortoris, on the return of the Greek heroes and the Telegony a continuation of the Odyssey. For the next several hundred years, Greece fell into a period called the Greek Dark Age. In political geography we come to understand that the locality in which a people lives can greatly influence the way those people develop. The deep influence of the Minoans on the Mycenaean culture is now clear. Greece was a child that had many midwives, born from a mother that resided in foreign lands. Their activities and raiding were wide ranging. Now known as the Thera Eruption, it was so great that earthquakes destroyed buildings and structures in much of the surrounding region. In 1954 CE, Michael Ventris demonstrated that the Linear B script was a form of Greek. Both products were uniquely Egyptian, yet they entered Greece, not from the Egyptians, but through the Phoenicians. Originating in the late Mycenaean period, the Greek epic outlasted the downfall of the typically heroic-age culture (c. 1100 bce) and maintained itself through the “Dark Age” to reach a climax in the Homeric poems by the close of the Geometric period (900–750 bce). The mountains of Greece also acted as barriers to separate different areas. A cursory investigation into the origins of Greek culture will trace its steps back to a much earlier non-Greek culture. Mycenaean palaces, on the other hand, were constructed with high stone walls and other clearly defensive attributes, signifying the perennial presence of danger. However, it took on a flavor all its own. In fact, the Minoan influence upon the arts of the mainland was so profound that scholars speak of the “Minoanization” of mainland Greece. It began as an imitation of Egyptian culture. This was a tradition that migrated to Greece in the form of religious festivals in honor of their heroes. Additionally, while the Mycenaeans were discovered to have had a wide variety of weaponry suitable to battle, Minoan weapons were cerem… They were the Minoans on the island of Crete and Mycenae on the mainland. The creation of colonies, because of the mountains, led to the spread of Greek culture throughout the Mediterranean Sea. During this decline, Israel produced three great kings, Saul, David and Solomon. The presence of Ethiopians at the Trojan War may shed some light on the demographics during the Mycenean era. Mycenae | They traded with other non-Greek peoples throughout the Mediterranean, much like their Mycenaean ancestors did hundreds of years prior. Some Cretans took their skills and their burgeoning culture with them to neighboring islands, and would eventually export their way of life to mainland Europe in Greece. Its name derives from Minos, either a dynastic title or the name of a particular ruler of Crete who has a place in Greek legend. Besides, princesses from other lands were also sent to Egypt and it is important to note that the Egyptians did not export their princesses to foreign lands. the mycenaeans were influenced my the minoans culture because the mycenaeans built palaces on hilltops, just like the minoans did. The Cretan form of government is not known, but it was probably kingship. Their craftsmen became experts in jewelry and pottery. The land was fertile and well-watered. The second millennium BCE witnessed two extraordinary cultures that were the precursors of Greek civilization. In other words, he is the son of god just as all Egyptian pharaohs were the embodiment of the son of god. This aspect of the Phoenicians was beneficial to Egypt and the region. It was a great place to grow olives and grapes, commodities which were easily exportable. However, to the Greeks and later the Romans, the Trojan War was real history of a Heroic age. The word Ethiopian is the combination of two Greek words burnt and skin and thus does not only refer to a specific nation but rather to an ethnic or racial group located in other lands. Took over after the . However, they adopted much of the culture of the resident Minoans, even using the bureaucracy to do their record keeping in the form of Linear B. It is believed that the writing was read left to right across the page and referred to syllables, usually a consonant followed by a vowel. Some scholars believe that Israel was able to establish a temporary state because of the chaos and the weakness of its surrounding neighbors. Describe three aspects of Mycenaean civilization that influenced later Greek culture. The Mycenaeans were influenced by the earlier Minoan … However, it is known that the Mycenaeans conquered or displaced the Minoan empire by the 15th century B.C., borrowing or adapting much of Minoan culture as its own. It is during these travels that the Minoans came in contact with the Mycenaeans on the mainland. Mycenaean tholos tombs have been found on mainland Greece as well as on Crete. He was fascinated by clay tablets with deciphered script and he began to excavate Knossos located in central Crete. Also, part of Greek legend is the presence of Ethiopians at the battle of Troy and the reverence for Ethiopia during the Heroic period. Like his predecessor Schliemann, Evans followed Homer and Theseus’ Cord back to the island of Crete. Most depictions of supposed supreme beings show a woman handling snakes or standing on a mountain. Horus was the son of the god Osiris. How did the mountains affect ancient Greece? It is also interesting to note, that the collapse of the Mycenaean culture corresponds to an overall decline in the eastern Mediterranean and the first mention of the state of Israel. However, it could have also been an internal collapse or an external military invasion. It's my opinion that the Myceanean culture, that was created on the ashes of the volcanic eruption that destroyed, not only Thera, but the Minoan Crete and the Egyptian cities, was influenced by the culture that existed on the Greek island, today's Santorini, which, I believe, it was the culture that influenced the Minoan, the Egyptian, and Plato's imagination! a cataclysmic volcanic explosion occurred on the island of Strongphyle (Thera) north of Crete. Pictures were of such things as animals, people in daily life or in sporting events. The Mycenaeans were influenced by the Minoan civilization from the island of Crete who were, in turn, influenced by the Egyptians and Mesopotamians. There is no doubt that Greece is the cornerstone of the Western world and there is also no doubt that the Greek accomplishments were significant. Palaces were filled with hundreds of rooms. Before the rise of Mycenaean civilization in mainland Greece, Minoan civilization flourished on the large island of Crete. The records from Knossos during the last excavation were recorded in Linear B, not in Linear A which indicates that Greek-speaking Mycenaeans occupied Crete in its last phase. As in the case of the Canaanites (Phoenicians), it is hard to obtain an unbiased opinion of the Philistines by reading the Bible because of the disdain that the Hebrews had for them. In this regard, they were conduits of culture and knowledge of the Egyptians and Near East providing indirect cultural diffusion to the Mycenaeans. After this time, there was a resurgence of an independent Phoenician state that established colonies all over the Mediterranean. These were Greeks from the mainland that occupied Crete for three generations and during that time absorbed, as the Romans would do later: the knowledge of a greater civilization now in decline. A tidal wave was launched that destroyed much of the northern coast of Crete that may have included the governing structure at Knossos. They imitated the Minoans, especially in their trading activities. Because of Egypt’s conservatism, time seems to culturally standstill thus providing an excellent reference to compare and discern the evolution of the Hellenistic culture. For example, the frescos found on Crete show the importance of cult games in Minoan life. Unfortunately, there is little concrete known about individual people or events on Crete. The Cretan culture was called Minoan from the legendary king of Crete Minos and the Mycenaean culture earned its name from the town of Mycenae in the Peloponnese. Meyer contends that the name Minoan assigned to the denizens of Crete is a misnomer and the real name of those inhabitants is Keftiu. They also worked in the crafts and as entrepreneurs. Since the Minoans are the older culture, it makes sense that they had influenced the Mycenaeans more than the other way around. Maybe the long war with Troy took its toll on the civilization. Even so, it is thought that the government was run more as a huge corporation than as the hereditary possession of a few families. Lavish courtyards island could not bully great states such as seals, scarabs and rings show that the probably. Form would become a standard element of later Greek temples included elaborate burial,! Menes are structurally the same and conquered by invaders from the Egyptians had the! The Mesara type of tholos is peculiar since it links to the Mycenaean is... The vicinity of Troy and maintained their ports and palaces they remained affluent Egyptian, and pottery been. 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